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< http://www.livescience.com/203-maggots-leeches-medicine.html>.
Grzimek, Dr. H.C. Bernard. 1974. Grzinek's Animal Life Encyclopedia. Vol. 1. Van Nostrand Reinhold co., NY.
Sawyer, Roy T. 1986. Leech Biology and Behaviour. Vol 1-2. Clarendon Press, Oxford.
Schroeder- Lein, Glenna R. The Encyclopedia of Civil War Medicine. Armonk: M.E. Sharpe, Inc., 2008. 76. Print.
Bynum, W.F., E.J. Browne, and Roy Porter. Dictionary of the History of Science. Princeton: Princeton University Press, 1981. 45-46. Print.
Rubin, Rita. "Health and Behavior ." Maggots and leeches: Good Medicine. USA Today , 7 June 2004. Web. 5 May 2013.
Lone, Azad Hussain, Tanzeel Ahmad, Mohd Anwar, Shahida Habib, and Hashmat Imam. 2011."Leech Therapy- A Holistic Approach of Treatment in Unan(Greeko-Arab) Medicine." Anc Sci Life. 1 (2): 31-35. Print.
Elyassi, AR, J Terres, and HH Rowshan. "Medicinal leech therapy on head and neck patients: a review of literature and proposed protocol." Oral Surg Oral Med Oral Patho Oral Radiol (2010). Web. 6 May 2013. <http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22819462>.
Rai, PK, AK `. Singh, OP Singh, NP Rai, and AK Dwivedi. "Efficacy of leech therapy in the management of osteoarthritis(Sandhivata)." Ayu 2: 213-17.
Web. 6 May 2013.
Nouri, M, K Karimi-Yarandi, F Etezadi, and A Amirjamshidi. "Leech therapy for pain relief: Rational behind a notion." Surg Neurol Int. 3 (2010): 159+.
Web. 6 May 2013.
Seigworth, Gilbert R. "A Brief History of Bloodletting ." Red Gold: the epic story of blood . N.p., Dec. 1980. Web. 2 May
2013.